Trans World Airlines (TWA) Essay Example for Free

Trans World Airlines (TWA) EssayBefore Trans World Airlines (TWA) had expressed its interest to acquire Ozark Airlines (Ozark), it had already establish itself so it will achieve dominance once the merger took place. The companionship initially equipped itself with knowledge and resources that will bring them to an advantage over Ozark.TWA went through common chord primary agreements prior to the acquisition on which it had uncovered aggressive influence on all of them. In the Wraparound Agreement, TWA pilots used threats so they can have complete betrothal in drafting the merger terms with Ozark. They warned that they will withdraw their membership in the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) if the terms will not be drafted to serve their best interest. This control over the acquisition terms was amplified when TWA pilots and ALPA made an agreement with Icahn (the biggest stockholder of TWA) that they will extend the wage and benefit concessions in shift for full influential power over the details of the merger agreement (thrust Dougherty 146).The threat strategy was as well as used to compel Ozark pilots to sign the contract at a lower place the merger agreement. An Ozark respondent described that TWA had menaceed to take additional 10 airplanes on top of the 4 already acquired and to lay off more pilots if the contracts were not signed.The same strategy was in addition used so TWA will obtain obligingness among Ozark employees. The former had instilled the concept of it being a big airline comp either absorbing a small airline comp either. Hence, the latter as the small company should submit to their authority.Another communication practice used by TWA to display its dominance is by branding the employees. Branding was defined as the manner of creating a distinction between a TWA employee and a former Ozark employee. In databases, for example, Ozark employees were describe to have an asterisk symbol or big red letters OZARK beside their names. It appeared that though the two airline companies had merged, an internal division was still maintained.The branding also implied certain restrictions for the Ozark pilots. Contractual boundaries were set. These were referred to as fences (Pierce Dougherty 150). A TWA pilot attested that there were existing contracts that restricted former Ozark pilots to fly some of the aircrafts until a specific longevity level on TWA standards was acquired. Training opportunities for former Ozark pilots were also very low. With these restrictions, a seniority level which means better wages, benefits, equipment assignments and cockpit positions will be difficult or will take a longer time to attain for former Ozark pilots.The division was an accepted fact for some(prenominal) TWA and former Ozark employees. To further demonstrate this reality, both parties still display their distinctive badges, colors or pins. Some even had symbolic tattoos on their bodies.Pierce Dougherty interpreted this a s an approach by the rule party to display resistance (152). Through their unique colors or pins, former Ozark employees reinforced their identity amidst TWAs dominant structure. Some former Ozark pilots also scuppered their identity by not adopting TWAs flying standards. These forms of resistance may not have altered TWAs dominance but former Ozark employees had gained their get source of personal power by identifying themselves as Ozarks (Pierce Dougherty 154).Through the case subject field made by Pierce and Dougherty which tracked the pre-acquisition and acquisition of Ozark by TWA, it was established that power-as-domination can be created, enacted and maintained through communication processes (157). TWAs behavior was seen to be very influential from the very start. Since they were at an advantage when it came to resources and size, they were able to threaten other organizations such as ALPA to get what they want and how things should happen. Former Ozark employees also fe ared these threats and had no recourse but to follow what TWA mandated to avoid losing their jobs.It is evident from the case study that TWA made no effort to erase the division that resulted from the apparent disparity with the former Ozark employees. Instead, they reinforced the fleck by further defining limits hence preventing any opportunity for the former Ozark employees to step up from their places and be an equal. This, as it appeared, was a way to preserve the status quo which had TWA as the dominating company.Pierce and Dougherty, however, described this situation as very unhealthy. They said this fosters a negative environment, lower productivity and lower commitment among the employees especially toward the parent company (157). From the authors observations in the workplace, TWA pilots and former Ozark pilots rarely interact as atomic number 53 group. Conversations were usually brief and only because urgency or necessity.The lack of unity was all the more evident by t he contrastive colors, pins or badges that the employees displayed to show the airline company where they had originated. Some former Ozark pilots also refused to follow certain standards as they do not conform to what they had been doing in the past.Pierce and Dougherty recommended that managers should not tolerate such differences within the company that came from a merger. The merging of two companies should be seen as a partnership not as one company swallowing another (158). The merger should invest on the strengths of both companies and strive to develop a better combined company that can compete with any similar company in the world.In the process of recognizing the contribution of each individual employee, whether he/she is a TWA employee or a former Ozark employee, communication processes that exhibit power imbalances will be minimized or will even be non-existent. Threats will no longer be necessary to achieve compliance and commitment. Instead, there will only be one air line company achieving its targets from the combined powers of TWA and Ozark.ReferencePierce, Tamyra Dougherty, Debbie S. The Construction, Enactment and Maintenance of Power-As-Domination through an Acquisition the Case of TWA and Ozark Airlines. prudence Communication Quarterly 16.2 (2002) 129-164.

Critical evaluation - blood brothers Essay Example for Free

Critical evaluation blood brothers EssayThe depend did not throw with the curtain going up except instead with the lights going up. My seat was in the gallery, which is quite high up, further after I got over the scent out of vertigo my view of the play was fine. I could not see the gantry at the back of the present or the precise front of the stage, but precise little of the action took place in these areas. The play was written in the early on 1960s by the Liverpudlian playwright Willy Russell and was first-year performed in the early 1980s. The play is a slice of life, or an impression of life starting in Liverpool in the early 1960s through until the 1980s, of poor working kin families.The play combines music and song with narrative. The set of Blood Brothers consisted of, on either side of the stage a row of terraced house fronts. At the back of the stage thither was a gantry which was used by the narrator and in one case by Mrs. Johnston when she sang a song th at was an overview of the action that had just taken place, there was a countryside backcloth with two moveable brick wall flats which moved across to cover this. The set was very captivate for the play, it combined well with the slice of life. The shore up were minimalist and brought on stage by the actors.There were four moveable flats, two that slid across the floor and two that came d admit from the ceiling. All the costumes and fixings were trance for the era of the play, they worked well together producing a realistic setting. The play opens with the twin brothers, lying down on stretchers and then being carried out-of-door. The narrator then informs the earshot of the events that have just happened and then the play begins. The play is about Mrs. Johnston, a working club mother of seven children who after her husband has left her for a younger woman discovers she is expectant with twins.Mrs. Johnston is a cleaner who works for a middle class couple, Mr. and Mrs. Lyons . Mrs. Johnston tells Mrs. Lyons of her predicament and so Mrs. Lyons who can not have children of her own and whose husband has gone forward on business for six months offers to take one of the twins for herself and bring him up as her own. After some suasion Mrs. Johnston gives one of the boys to Mrs. Lyons. She finds it difficult to keep Mrs. Johnston on as her cleaner because she can see that there is a bond between mother and child and so fires her.Several years pass, the boys are instanter seven, nearly eight, they meet when out playing, become great friends and Blood Brothers. twain Mrs. Johnston and Mrs. Lyons try to keep the boys apart but are unable to do so. In a desperate attempt to separate the boys the Lyons move to a house in the country well away from paddy field and the estate where the Johnstons live. A few years later the council decide to demolish the estate where the Johnstons live and relocate the families to the countryside close to where the Lyons now li ve. paddy field has a girlfriend, Linda, a girl he has known since childhood.One day when they are out walking they come across Eddie, (rice paddys twin), and rekindle their friendship. The twins are now sixteen years old and their friendship continues to grow until it is time for Eddie to gone away to university. However Eddie declares his love for Linda before leaving but she continues her relationship with Mickey and soon falls pregnant with his child and so they marry and move into Mickeys home. Mickeys older brother, Sammy, gets into trouble and Mickey agrees to help him out but instead ends up taking the fall for Sammy killing a man and goes to prison for seven years.During this time he becomes depressed and withdrawn from Linda. She turns to Eddie for support and they soon become emotionally attached. When Eddies mother becomes aware of the romance she tells Mickey who, now out of prison, goes to Eddies work place. Mrs. Johnston now feels she must tell the boys that they are brothers but this is too much for Mickey to understand in his present mental state, distressed and confused he shoots Eddie. Just as Mickey is doing this a policeman takes aim and fires killing Mickey. Both men are dead. On the whole the script and the play were very good.At first it took a little time to get in to the play but it soon flowed naturally. The play held the audiences interest by the use of the narrator who appeared on the stage behind the action and would burst into song. A lot of discipline was given on the characters through the use of song, so the audience received much of the necessary information without realising it. The part of Mrs. Johnston was played by the singer and actress Dennis Nolan. Ms. Nolan describe the hi novel of her character through the song Just like Marilyn Monroe. Her story is not extraordinary or uncommon.A girl from a Roman Catholic working class family who falls in love with a young man who takes her dancing and says she looks a lot like M arilyn Monroe. Romance soon fades once the babies start arriving. Possibly because of her faith, which would have instilled a belief that children are a blessing, she soon has a large family and her husband begins to look elsewhere for what he first found attractive in his wife. He begins to go dancing with a girl who he says looks a lot like Marilyn Monroe. When he leaves home Mrs. Johnston discovers she is pregnant with the twins of the story.This is when the events that lead up to the final tragedy really begin. Mickey is the twin that Mrs. Johnston kept. He grows up in this very poor working class family but as a child is mainly happy and full of mischief. He does not expect an easy life and accepts who he is and what his future lead be. He does not expect to go to university like his friend Eddie because in his mind and at this time it was usually only children from better off families who went. Mickey would have been happy to work and bring up his children in a working class family.It is unemployment and bad choices that take away his pride and his future. He becomes very depressed, feels worthless and finally sees his marriage fall apart. The actor who played Mickey had to act the part of a child through to an adult, his mannerisms were very good and his gestures appropriate for the different ages. When he was seven Mickey acted and moved as if he was seven and when he was twenty he acted and moved like a twenty year old. His voice changed as well, it moved from a high quick voice to a deeper more solemn one.Linda is the childhood friend of Mrs. Johnstons children and especially of Mickey. The two children grow up together, play together and become girl and boyfriend. This relationship is threatened by Lindas attraction to Eddie, Mickeys twin, but although she realises that it is Eddie that she loves she does not end her relationship with Mickey. When Eddie goes away to university she becomes pregnant with Mickeys child and marries him. Lindas role in the play is huge, it is her relationship with Eddie which finally destroys Mickey and leads to the final tragedy.The play contained quite a lot of swearing but this was only used to aid the script and made it more realistic. At the end of the play many people in the audience were in part which showed how good the performances had been. As a straight play this would have been a very sad story of some very hard lives but because the story is told partly in song the mood is much lighter. It shows that there can be laughter in even the most difficult of lives, but in addition how our own upbringing, superstitions and prejudices can make our lives more complicated and more difficult.

Ethics in Human Resource Management

moral philosophy in gentlemans gentleman Resource ManagementThis constitution mainly focuses on providing a critical analysis of morality and HRM. It further shows the issues to be copeed to ensure fairness and justice in the employ kindred. It take aparts that how changes in the nature of the work atomic number 18 causing disease. The focal point of this report is to examine the real coiffes of tautness and illness in the oeuvre and evaluation of their solutions.Through finished study and findings, it is concluded that although the changes in the nature of work cause stress and illness, take over these backside be eradicated by adopting appropriate measures resembling upright trouble style, training, mentoring, intimatelyness and safety measures, planning and time concern.IntroductionHuman Resource Management is the systematic and effective management of quite a little to achieve the desired objectives. To gain a strategical edge, it is very important to manag e the people resources productively. This exit help to attain the strategic goals as well as the satisfaction of the individual employee bespeaks. each the Human Resource practices be based on ethical foundation. It is the responsibility of the employers to maintain wellness and safety of their employers in the oeuvre.The main objective of this report is to provide a critical analysis of ethics and HRM and examine the real causes of illness in the workplace and evaluate their solutions.This report helps in underpickings a search in analyzing the ethics to be used in HRM for ensuring employee health and safety. Thus, it mainly focuses on finding the causes that profit illness in the workplace and it proposes sundry(a) ways to eradicate illness. more thanover, workplaces culture should be developed in such a way that it should allow flexibility, security, autonomy, recognition, participation and involvement to employees in order to create a stress free atmosphere.Ethics and H RMAccording to Winstanley, Woodall and Heery (1996), Ethics is a special branch of philosophy that focuses on the questions relate to morality, that is concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong fairness and righteousness. Business ethics deals with the period and extent of morality to be used in business (George Zoe, 2010). Morals, standards, values and ethics overhear becoming more complex in the manifest redbrick society and the concept of absolutes is taken away by ambiguity. As per Pitt (2007), Human Relations Management is concerned with a variety of ethical issues to be dealt with for reservation decisions related to businesses. in the lead making the decisions, the various alternatives catering to the packs of the business must be checked and their effects on the lives of the employees must be considered. today the human relationship amongst ethics and HRM is becoming a major issue to be taken c atomic number 18 of. A signifi drive outt turning point has bee n go through by ethics and Human Resource Management.The business ethics mainly put attention on the loving and ecological responsibilities of the companies within the society. Ethics argon now becoming one of the most important internal concerns for the companies. Previously, the interests of the employees were non taken into consideration but now it has become one of the main responsibilities of the family to ethically manage its kind-hearted resources (Christian Andra, 2009). Now its the era of ethical leadership. Acts of its employees towards a business perspective to his moral character is a litmus test.Relationship between business and its employees is based on employment contract. The principle of ethical selection is followed by an ethical organization for hiring prospective employees. As per this principle an organization should nevertheless(prenominal) hire a person who is expected to contribute the maximum towards increasing the long-term value of the business (Gle nn, 2001). According to this principle, factors like gender, age, nationality and religion are not relevant for hiring a person.The ethical issues which are reflected in the case areSafety and health Much of the work in the industries and companies is hazardous. all(prenominal) this is because of the use of lumbering technology. Nowadays there is much use of machineries and full(prenominal) temperature based production routinees. In addition, there is more dependence on chemical compounds. All these aspects amplification injuries, illnesses and throws in the workplace. For instance, the job of a bullfighter or bomb disposal expert (De Cieri Kramar, 2008). New sources of accidents and illnesses are increasing day by day. Risk is present in every job but its frequency differs from job to job.Face to face ethics These types of ethics a machinate due to human element in the activities in the workplace. No work is possible without employees.Corporate policy ethics The use of more technology in the workplace has replaced the labor in the workplace. This has make hundreds of persons jobless. The managers are responsible for making policies and their successful implementation. The ethical content of these policies has massive impact throughout the company. It should be such that it can be able to circularize right signals to every person in the company (Shuttleworth, 2004).Employee Relations Its the duty of the HR manager to maintain objectivity in hiring, discip describe, promotion, training, retention, termination and compensation (Ken Joanne, 2010). All this lies at the core of human resources. HR should make it sure that the company policies should follow anti-discrimination legislature and polices of the integrity of performance reviews to make sure that the evaluation process remains fair with all the jobs (Ken Joanne, 2010).Communication An new(prenominal) duty of the HR Department is to keep informed everyone in the organization on relating to the va rious reasoned and ethical issues. HR prepares various chat vehicles to advise employees of the companys code of ethics and no-tolerance policies such as documents, seminars, and informal meetings (Hughes Bozionelos, 2007). Increase in competition, locally or globally, desire that organizations should be more adaptable, flexible, agile, and customer focused to succeed (Markiewicz, 2007).And with this change in the environment the human resource professional needs to be a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and moreover, a change mentor within the organization. Grove (2009) suggests that in order to succeed a business driven HR function with a thorough understanding of the organizations big picture may be more important to be able to influence decisions and policies.In general, todays human resource managers focus is on strategic personnel retention and developing talent (Teasdale, 2006).A recent study (Grove 2009) found that human resource professionals, coaches, counselors, mentors, and while planners ordain help to motivate organizations members and their loyalty.Human Resources Manager allow for excessively promote and fight for values, ethics, beliefs, and spirituality within their organizations in the management of workplace diversity, specifically. hazard and risk Another ethical issue that is depicted in the case is danger and risk present in the job. This has arisen because of the changes in the macro-economic environment and mass un-employment (Makin Winder, 2009). All this happens because of business restructuring and stripping out of the cost due to redundancy, outsourcing, contingent contracts and systems of rewards in the employment (Grawitch, Trares Kohler, 2007). Another problematic element of the charge to greater risk and insecurity for workers is that what is happening when other stakeholders have to act on the same insulation from risk (Rodney, Matrina Anne, 2008). Undoubtedly, a key element of economic life in re cent years has been a transfer of risk from those who finance business i.e. banks, institutional investors, shareholders, taxpayers and the Treasury to those in gainful employment (Teasdale, 2006).The moral question here is whether this shift is fair, or compatible with the rules of distributive justice.It could be suggested that the transfer is unfair because the investors are in a stronger position to risk-sharing by employees and that this has happened, crudely, it is the exploitation of the change in the dicker power by the strongest party in industrial relations (Teasdale, 2006).Surveillance and control It is major ethical concern these days. The right of the employing agency to enter into the subjectivity of the worker to control and manipulate, is taken for guaranteed (Pitt, 2007).Whether the use of psychometric tests for selection or promotion of employees, culture change programs that seek to challenge assumptions on the job or competence-based HRM, which seeks to promote compliancewith attitudes and behavior, the assumption is that it is lawful for the employer to trespass on workers autonomy.Such misconduct willing never be complete, but the turn off for a sizable complex HRM is to invade privacy of employees. While new forms of work organization can be effective in increasing productivity, but possible adverse effects on the welfare of workers should be considered when evaluating these initiatives (Christian Andra, 2009).A wide range of human relations management activities is concerned with various ethical issues, both on the part of upper-level for management of business and management decisions of low-level regarding treatment of the individual employees (Winstanley, Woodall Heery, 1996). This can be devastating to individual employees and the communities in which they live.Managing decisions must be honestly done by taking into account all the factors, including social responsibility as well as stockholder concerns. HR manager should co nsider various options for business needs and take the decision that is best for company and employees as well as it will have an impact on employees live. Issues involve in considering rights, responsibilities, fairness and justice in the employment relationship in that location are galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) issues which are needed to be considered to have good and plication employment relationship as it has impact on the whole society and economy as a whole.Good Faith There should be optimistic relationship between employer and employee. Good faith means to deal with honestly, openly and without misleading each other. It also requires parties to actively and constructively creating and maintaining a productive relationship (Glenn Klaas, 2001).Such behavior makes hotshot. Workers with positive relationships are more likely to enjoy the benefits of sustainable, decent work.Employers also benefit productive employee. On the other hand, an employment relationship may be prompted if it is based on distrust and there is doubt or want of communication.Workplace health and safety The purpose of workplace health and safety is to protect the health and safety of health and safety of all in a workplace (Markiewicz, 2007). Grawitch, Trares and Kohler state that Effective management of health and safety in the workplace is not only good business, but it is a requirement under the law. Employers have an obligation to ensure that the way in which business is conducted has no adverse effects on health and safety of themselves, their workers or anyone who enters the workplace. The occupational health and safety plan need not be complicated.It should be simple, practical and aristocratical to implement.As a result of the implementation of health and safety of the business processes can also benefit from significant productivity gains and cost savings (Makin Winder, 2009).Occupational health and safety is a discipline with broad scope, with many niche areas. In its broadest sense, it is diverted towards promoting and maintaining the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations preventing workers from the adverse health effects caused by their working conditions protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health (George Zoe, 2010). In other words, the occupational safety and health include social, mental and physical well-being of workers, which is the whole person. On the other hand, poor working conditions can also affect workers living environment.This means that occupational hazards can have harmful effects on workers, their families and others in the community and the natural environment around the workplace.It has been estimated that the confirmative costs of an accident or illness can be four to ten times greater than direct costs, or even more. Occupational disease or accident can have so many indirect costs for employees that are often diffic ult to measure them.One of the most obvious indirect costs is the human misery caused to families of workers, which cannot be compensated with money (Ken Joanne, 2010).Management Commitment Strong management commitment and involvement of employees are necessary for a successful health and workplace safety program.Effective management addresses all work-related risks, not just those covered by the standards of government, and communicate with employees (Rodney, Matrina Anne, 2008). Workers in every profession can be faced with a multitude of risks in the workplace.Business addresses health and safety in a wide range of risks in the workplace accident prevention in the most insidious dangers, including toxic fumes, dust, noise, heat, stress, etc. The prevention of occupational diseases and accidents shouldbe the goal of occupational safety and health programs instead of severe to solve the problems after they have already developed (Teasdale, 2006).Changes in the nature of workTher e has been a dramatic change and growth in the workplaces. The workplaces have gone through a remarkable revolution over the last two decades as a result of globalization, democratization and innovations i.e. both technical and creative. The agile growth has brought momentous changes in the structure of the labor market and in the organization of the work resulting in changes both within and outside the framework of the employment relationship. The type of employments has been changed now. Workers are now more engaged and employed in atypical, conditional and contingent employment relationships like casual employment, use of contract work, and the rise of the use of vague and disguised employment (Hughes Bozionelos, 2007). The work environment is now changing fastly. The employment is now becoming unstable, less secure and more concentrated. The trend of the collective bargaining has now been shifted towards individual negotiations (Shuttleworth, 2004). All these factors are resul ting causing the employee to be sick as a result of more work pressure, less secured job and more responsibilities.The trend is shifting towards privatization and the seniors who are more experience are being replaced by the freshers or the younger graduates who are less experienced and they are more often engaged in the employment that is non-permanent ( Markiewicz, 2007). In the real terms, the average rate of the pay is also decreasing, or its standing still from the last five years (Markiewicz, 2007). For instance, in the media industry, all these changes have resulted in having a negative effect on the editorial contents quality and as its consequence it is jeopardizing the economic consumption of the media as a watchdog for the society and it ultimately puts effects on the mental health of the employees as well (George Zoe, 2010).Moreover, more layoffs, chronic working hours are there. There is insufficiency of physical activities and poor seating as well. These factors a re the biggest sources of stress.Real causes of illness in the workplace and evaluation of their solutionsThere are many real causes of illness of workers in the workplace. Some of them can beWorkload The very first cause of illness in the workplace can be the increasing workload on the part of employees. It is causing stress. Employees are often found in stress when the workload is too high or too less. Its the responsibility of the manager to divide the work mighty among employees based on the priorities (Makin Winder, 2009). Targets should be challenging but should be kept realistic. Before making a shift in the responsibilities, its impact should be known in advance. Furthermore, the cost resulting from the stress must be taken into consideration (Teasdale, 2006). More care to be taken when increasing the workload of any worker or when there is a need to hire more people. Moreover, there should be a parallelismd workload with control over the tasks to be performed.Persuasive uncertainty When the workers are confronted by new rules, requirements and the procedures, there will be an increase in the level of illness. Its the duty of the manager to check whats going on at regular intervals and convey each piece of information to the staff (Grawitch, Trares Kohler, 2007). In this way, stress can be controlled and this will ultimately result in increasing the productivity. In some companies, the manager writes out the new information in a memo so that it can be conveyed to the employees and the facts can be reviewed (Grove, 2009). Moreover, information given in this way is pryd by the staff members. This will help in reducing mental illness.Mistrust and unfairness Mistrust and unfairness can also be the cause of illness in the workplace. These will keep everyone in the workplace on the edge, create bad attitudes, and will decrease productivity (Pitt, 2007). Misunderstanding can be avoided through an open line of communication and by knowing what and how the staff members are thinking about the decisions. Its managers duty to consistently build trust and treat everyone equally. This helps in reducing illness in the workplace.Lack of control The employees should be given an opportunity to say regarding the things those affect them as if they have no say, and then there will be more chances of workplace illness. All the employees should be given a sense of being in control. The managers should involve employees in both operating as well as administrative decisions. And the frontline employees must know what they are talking about. All this will result in increasing productivity and reducing the stress levels. The managers who are efficient and effective understand that controlling stress and illness are leadership responsibilities and these are as important as any other management functions (Glenn Klaas, 2001).Lack of communication When the communication system is not good, this will result in lack of understanding, bad performance and less productivity with stress (Rodney, Matrina Anne, 2008). The communication system should be two way so that the employees can be able to receive full information and give suggestions and in this way, there will be no stress.No appreciation Lack of appreciation will also lead towards illness in the workplace. If the employees do not get feedback on what they are doing, not being appreciated for good performance, they will feel mentally stressed and this can be one of the causes of illness (George Zoe, 2010). To overcome this, the managers should appreciate the good work from time to time. This will create a feeling among the employees that are valuable for the company and they will feel happy and stress free. paltry relationships Poor relationships with colleagues can also be the factor of illness. If the employees are treated with discrimination then there can be chances of stress.Unclear policies and no sense of direction If the policies are not clear to the employees and they are not in the written form, then these can cause stress among employees. The policies should be enforced properly and communicated in a clear way. The policies can be reinforced in a number of ways from time to time like memos, personal meetings, publicize boards, articles, small group discussions, etc. the employees should be informed about the business direction and the significant changes (Grawitch, Trares Kohler, 2007).Contributory factors with regard to sickness There are many factors causing sickness among the people. The reasons can be tiredness or unappreciation or they can have the travel difficulties. For instance, a person who is suffering from diarrhea or dysuria is very unlikely to come to work from home if he has to drive for 50 miles to get there, whereas another person who is working from home or working in an office which is close to toilet may continue the work for long (Hughes Bozionelos, 2007). Moreover, the workers who are positively motivated they can simp ly take easy and simple remedies. If there is a bullying environment in the workplace or the manager is over-enthusiastic, then taking sick leave for a peanut illness thinking that the power balance has become unequal in the favor of manager? Other sources of workplace illness can be layoffs, absenteeism, alcoholism, lack of motivation, bad decisions, petty internal policies, harassment, lack of equipment, lack of autonomy, etc.Ways to degrade illness in the workplacePreparing Education Programs To overcome illness, the employees should be ameliorate about the causes, symptoms and treatment and it should be ensured that all the individuals should have early treatment. Employers can provide assistance by ensuring that every person in the organization from the top down has received full information about all the issues related to mental health and illness (Christian Andra, 2009). Stress management training and counseling run should be implemented in the workplace to eradicate st ress. This will help the employees in better management of work during pressure. This will help them to learn techniques like time management, leadership skills, assertiveness, relaxation, etc. The employee must learn how to relax in case of stress.Mentoring Mentoring can also be very helpful to reduce stress and illness in the workplace. This will help to create strong bonds among colleagues and they can share their work related skills (Ken Joanne, 2010). This can help to create awareness among employees related to the diversity which is very helpful to reduce stress. This will make the employees more confident as they can get to know more things which they previously dont know. Moreover, it will promote team spirit.Encourage exercise Another way to keep employees healthy and fit is to encourage exercise. Employers should encourage their employees to keep physically fit. Doing exercise and taking a healthy and balanced diet will help employees to have more stamina and energy in th e office (Markiewicz, 2007). Exercises can be of various types. For instance, tennis, ballroom dancing, swimming, jogging, cycling, etc. All these will not only promote fitness but also help to get relief from counter stress. The workplace should be clean for the wellbeing of the employees and the overall mental attitude of the employees. The employees should talk with each other so that they can discuss their problems and can reduce stress.Duties of employers towards employees To reduce stress and illness, it is the duty of the employer to treat each employee equally. Each and every employee should be involved in decision making so that they can feel that they are part of the organization (Grawitch, Trares Kohler, 2007). Each employee should be well trained. The managers need to behave proactively to handle stress. They should be able to understand the signs and symptoms of stress. Employers should provide proper health and wellness programs to reduce stress in the workplace and t o ensure health and safety. There should be no bullying and harassment in the workplace.Workplace culture The organizations need to set proper organization culture to reduce levels of stress in the workplace. Workplaces culture should be developed in such a way that it should be allow flexibility, security, autonomy, recognition, participation, involvement, etc (Teasdale, 2006). All these factors are very important for a stable workplace and industrial relations. Consequently, there will be more employee satisfaction with more productivity.Management style Management style plays a vital role in ensuring good work environment. The management style should be such that gives boost to employees so that they can discuss problems with the managers freely. They should be provided with regular feedbacks and should be given freedom to express their ideas (Rodney, Matrina Anne, 2008).Planning and time management Stress and illnesses can also arise from lack of proper planning. To get relief from stress, the employees should make a proper planning so that they can make work life balance (Hughes Bozionelos, 2007).In-depth training for managers Further in-depth training for managers is essential.Themanagerial role may be one of the most stressful jobs within an organization.Managers are often exposed to many competing pressures and demands.Managers who are skilled in managing the pressure not only are more effective role models, but also better able to neck common signs and symptoms stress-related psychological disorders, to make confident risk assessment of staff and providing appropriate support (Glenn Klaas, 2001).ConclusionEventually, ethics play a vital role in HRM. The management should consider ethical issues relating to health and safety of employees. There has been a vivid change and growth in the workplaces. The changes in the workplace are causing the employee to be sick as a result of more work pressure, less secured job and more responsibilities. Lack of c ommunication, more workload, lack of appreciation, lack of autonomy are the another biggest sources of stress. Companies are dealing with these sources to eliminate stress in a prudent way but still there is need for more improvements.Employers should provide proper health and wellness programs so that they could reduce stress in the workplace and to ensure health and safety and moreover, a good communication with their employees in order to have deep understanding with each other. Consequently, there will be more employee satisfaction with more productivity.RecommendationsThrough entire study and findings, the following recommendations are madeThere should be a balanced workload with control over the tasks to be performed.Employers should provide proper health and wellness programs to reduce stress in the workplace and to ensure health and safety.There should be no bullying and harassment in the workplace.Stress management training and counseling services should be implemented in t he workplace to eradicate stress.The employees should talk with each other so that they can discuss their problems and can reduce stress.The employees should be provided with regular feedbacks and should be given freedom to express their ideas.There should be flexibility, security, autonomy, participation and involvement in the organizations culture.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryopreservation

Advantages and Disadvantages of CryopreservationIn the world of science this two procedures Vitrification and S front change are use to keep the biological materials such as stalls, bone marrow , DNA etc at the minor temperature , when preservevassd to their normal temperatures. These two procedures will come on a lower floor the Cryobiology.CryobiologyIt is the study of life below the low temperature.BackgroundIn the centuries 2500 BC this was utilize by the people of Egypt for the medical purpose. They utilise to stop the bleeding and injuries during the injuries. In the latter centuries this was brought into popular by Robert Boyle. For the first time it was the Christopher Polge who apply the bull sperm in cryopreservation. The 1970s brought great development in cryobiology by Zeo Layland who brought Slow Cooling technique which laid a path to the birth of first human embryo frozen, which latter used all over the world for the animals, stallular phones and human biol ogy. In the year 1986 Dr. Christopher Chen in Australia used the slack frozen oocytes for the pregnancy in the world for the first time.Advantages of cryobiologyHelps in the preservation of biological materials.By this the biological materials bay window be maintain for long time.Sperm, gametes, embryos, tissues, bone marrow, organ can be preserved.Helps to study the adapting nature of plants and animals under the low temperature.CryopreservationThis is the handle, which come under the Cryobiology. This is the process in which the cell is unbroken under the very low temperature which causes the cell to stop its biological chemical substance reactions and finally the cell leads to death. plainly sometimes the cell which is unploughed under the process of cryopreservation may get suffering, when it is taken to the low temperature. Some of the biological materials are kept under very low temperature which is the liquid phase of the liquid nitrogen. Because it is the prohib iteddo process for the preservation some complex biological compounds which lead to stop their biological chemical reactions. In order to be free from the risk the close to two techniques used are the Slow Cooling and Vitrification.BackgroundJames Lovelock is the important person who made the Gaia theory fame. Using this theory he said that the damage that occurs to the red blood cells is due to the osmotic stress during the process of the freezing. In the early years of mid-fifties he said that when the cell faces the increase of salt concentration make it to dehyd deem for the loss of water to the external ice-skating rink which may cause the damage of the cell. In the year of 1950s they are speedy development of the freezing techniques which made helping in bringing the pregnancies. Before this the insemination of frozen sperm was brought into live. Latter in the 1957 the scientist of the United terra firma started the cryopreserving the fowl sperm.In the year of 2000s the bab y was born by the cryopreservation egg, Laina Beasley born in July 2005. Not only in the human beings, this is brought into the animals which made to the result of A Ocelots kitten born in Cincinnati Zoo in 2001. As freezing damage in the cells are of two aspects. The primary one is that cell gets damage due to the ice crystal, and the second is the damage of cell when more ice is formed due to the concentrate of the solute. Latter in the USA they made a solution for this aspects of the damage in cell by the typical rate of chill 1C/min but this rate of cooling depends on the size of the cell and the water content in the cell. In this they are a form of anti-freeze know as the cryprotectant which is used to equalize the physical optimal parameter osmotic. Cryoprotectants make efficiency to protect the cell to face the freezing injury which was discovered accidentally.CryoprotectantsWhen the biological materials are kept under the preservation they are need to be protect for the l ong time. At same time the protected material should be able to function for a long time when they are rewarmed to the complete zero level. During the process of the preservation some chemicals are used to preserve them in low temperature and in the same way they are rewarmed, and should pass water the ability to function for a long time. But in some cases of preservation chemicals are not used such as in fungi, yeast. The cryoprotectants are used in this cases, now a days some chemicals like dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol. But in some of the specimens the dimethyl sulfoxide affects the preservation due to the noxiousity nature. (Smith, 1983) This toxicity can be reduces to some level by use of glucoseAdvantages of CryoprotectantsHelps the material from rapid coolingPrevents from formation of ice in the intracellular region.When the cell undergoes high concentration of solute it helps to proceed from dehydration (Mazur, 1984).Helps the cell to function even after the rewarming.Slo w coolingThis is the early technique used in the cryopreservation which is used to prevent to the cell from the damage in the freezingBackgroundIt is the control rate technique which was developed in the 1970s which has been enabled the first human embryo birth. From thusly this technique is used all over the world for the biological materials. And some machines which are used in the cryopreservation bring the cell to the freezing point such as the liquid phase of the liquid nitrogen. This technique machines are used to freeze the oocyte, blood products, sperms, skin, embryo, general tissues and stem cells preservation in research labs, hospitals all over the world. But in the slow cooling the cell gets dehydrateVitrificationThis is the new technique used in the cryopreservation which is used to prevent to the cell from the damage in the freezing. It is the preservation at extremely low temperature without any freezing. In this process can be done without the involvement of the cry oprotectants.BackgroundRight from the development of the slow cooling the glycerol is used to cryobiology as the cryoprotectant for the bull sperm and blood cells. But however it is know that glycerol is not helpful to prevent the totally organ from the damage. For more suitable cryoprotectants in those cases many of the biotech companies worked to develop. In the 21st century the kidney of rabbit is preserved at -135oC, which made as the vitrification cocktail, because latter the kidney which is preserved at the -135oC was again planted back into the body of rabbit, the kidney was found to be functioning without any failure. At present preservation of the brain is under the progress, they are aspect to prevent the brain from damaging such as damage to the tissues and loss of the memory in the brain which was encoded.The Institute of Cryonics are working to preserve the whole body without damage in the cells, tissue and all the organs which should again function properly when they are transplanted, this is in the progress. In this the freezing involves in ice crystal formation, which lead to the damage of the sensitive structures such as the blood vessels. For a successful vitrification it needs combinations of the two factors, one is the high concentration of solutes in the bathing ordinary able of glass formation, and the other is the extreme rapid cooling of the samples. In the year 1985 for the first time the cryopreservation of mouse embryos by Rall and Fahy. locomote that to be followed for the successful vitrification areconcentration and composition of the vitrification solutionThe procedure used to equilibrate cells in this solutionThe cooling/warming conditionsThe procedure used to dilute cells from the vitrification solutionFreezing injuriesIn a living cell the liquid water is most important to maintain its structure and function, when this cell is kept in the freezing preservation, due to the low temperature then to its pick then the cell fa ces the freezing injuries which may lead the living cell to destruction. When the cell is under the preservation the injury that effect is shown in the figure the inverted U in this the position of the cell which it can function normally is shown as the survival point , when this cell is put on to the freezing beyond its limit, that is a cell has its own capability for a certain limit of low temperature or high temperature, when this cell exceeds the limit of low temperature the solution around the cell makes it injury, in such cases the intracellular ice formation will be occurred, at this stage the cell leads to the injury and destruction occurs. In some cases like the high cooling rate the cell undergoes both the extracellular and intracellular.Freezing injuries at high cooling rateWhen we take most of the cells they have the thermodynamic point at -0.5oC. But when we need to preserve the cell the cell must get freeze, to do this the cell will be undertaken below -5oC. At this p osition the cell undergoes the super cooling at which the medium around the cell and the cell remain unfrozen, due to the protective solute that is bounded around and within the cell.The cell which is taken to the low temperature between the -5oC and -15oC the ice forms in the external medium. At which the cell content remain super cooling in an unfrozen state. The ice which is formed in the external medium will affect the extracellular solute. The solution concentration in the extracellular solution will increase when the temperature gets decreases and the ice will be grown, this increase of ice is the ice phase. Due to this the chemical imbalance is occurred between the biological material and the unfrozen external solution.The external part of the cell gets frozen when the water flows off, this occurs when the higher chemical potential then the water of the partly frozen solution outside the cell. And this subsequent physical event in the cell depends on the rate of cooling in th e cell. If the cooling is sufficiently slow, the loss of water rapidly by exosmosis. When this occurs the result of the cell will dehydrate and will not freeze intracellular. TZ p3When the cooling is too rapid the rate at which the chemical potential of water extracellular solution decreases is much faster than to the rate which water can be diffuse out of the cell and they will be the end result in the intracellular ice formation. In the shown figure the cell under the preservation will have the outflow of the intracellular water which may lead to shrink of the cell and the extracellular ice will be formed which leads to the shrunken cell with weeny or no ice formed internally. It is the indirect assumption that the formation of the ice inside the cell is unpreventable. At present many of the studies have been suggested that intracellular ice formation during the process of the freezing causes the death or damage of the cell. In the process of the intracellular ice formation they are three feasible ways which it can be occurred.Chilling injuriesChilling injury is defined as the low temperature stress on the absence of freezing. Actually the word chill injuries is used in the botany, in the early 18th centuries to describe the plants which are subjected to the low temperature that is deject temperature above the 0C were often damaged irreversibly. The temperature pique was first used in 1934 to show the irreversibly damage to mammalian sperms that occurred when these cell undergo rapid cooling below the body temperature at which a couple of(prenominal) degree fall down rapidly in a minute of time. At these both sperm cells and the plant cells the chilling injury are likewise related mechanism. In the process of chilling injuries they are two types direct chilling injury and the indirect chilling injury.Direct chilling injuriesThis is also known as the Cold thump. This is mostly used to describe both phenomena, which is expressed quickly upon reduction in temperature and Dependent on cooling rate. Cold shock injury is almost independent of the rate of warming. Injury is increased as the period incubation at the reduced temperature is extended.Indirect chilling injuriesIndirect chilling injuries are usually evident following a relatively long exposure period at the time of the reduced temperatures, and its enable to the independent of the rate of cooling.Metabolic and enzymatic processes can find in the fast developing embryos. Especially in Drosophila and zebrafish the injury get more rapid at the low temperatures. This is due to the co-ordination is increased lost with decreasing temperature. The reduction in temperature will affect the enzyme rate reaction to a different extent.SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CONTROLLED boring COOLING AND VITRIFICATION (Baudot et al., 2002)In the process of preservation both the techniques have the similarity of freezing during the process of preservation.In slow cooling the cooling is done intracellular and extracellular and in the same way in vitrification, but little change at place where ice crystal formation is occurred in slow cooling and not in vitrificationSomehow both techniques are similar with slight changes during the process of the preservation of biological materials.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTROLLED SLOW COOLING AND VITRIFICATION IN CRYOPRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS (Kuleshova, 2002)Vitrification techinqueSlow cooling techniqueThis is simple techniqueThis is complex techniqueThis safer techniqueThis is risky techniqueThis more costly techniqueThis cheaper compare to vitrificationIce crystal dont form in the process of freezingIn this ice crystals formation is seenThis is most successful techniqueNot much success then vitrificationCell death will not occurHave the chances to the cell deathADVANTAGES OF VITRIFICATION AND CONTROLLED SLOW COOLING IN CRYOPRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALSIn the cryopreservation the both techniques vitrification and controlled cooling techniques are used to preserve the biological materials for a long time. Vitrification technique has the uniqueness for the preservation of the oocytes, because the oocytes brought under this technique have more capable to the fertilization. This oocytes lead to the normal pregnancy. In process of the vitrification the ice crystal formation is not occurred both in the intracellular and the extracellular. In vitrification the whole cell including the medium solidify (freeze). In the process of vitrification the cell doesnt get any damage and dont lead the cell to death (Kasa, 2004). The preservation of materials at a controlled slow cooling, we can store the materials at -196oC, best example is storage of hematopoietic cells (Hill et al., 1972). The main advantages of cooling and warming rates are that it contains very less amount of cryoprotectants, with this it can reduce toxic effect and also osmotic injury (Orief et al., 2005).DISADVANTAGES OF CONTROLLED SLOW COOLING AND VITRIF ICATION IN CRYOPRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALSWhen we come to the vitrification we dont face any unfavarable conditions during the process of preservation, because of cryoprotectants which toxic in nature and more cost(Chi, 2001). Ice crystals are occurred in the intracellular and the extra cellular region of cell in the process of preservation in slow cooling technique. This is the major disadvantage in controlled slow cooling. (Kasa, 2004).Main Outcome MeasureAs per the reported number of pregnancies done after guide of embryos which were cryopreserved by vitrification. Both slow cooling and vitrification procedures have successful cryopreservation of human embryos and oocytes. Both procedures have healthy births, but slow cooling of oocytes gives very low success rates. Vitrification is a promising novel technique in reproductive technologyCONCLUSIONAs per the reference and my knowledge controlled slow cooling and as well as vitrification are useful techniques for the prese rvation of biological materials, when compared vitrification technique is more useful technique for the preservation as slow cooling technique. Vitrification is a simple procedure that requires less time, safer and more cost effective than slow cooling.

An Analysis Of Democracy In The UK

An Analysis Of Democracy In The UKJust how instance is Britain? I allow examine the most important aspects of the British society, from political to ethnic. The focus of the essay is to understand whether a country actually works in favour over the citizens of the unify soil. In order to do this, I leave use businesss for and against several(prenominal) elements that contribute to the democracy of a society and produce a plausible conclusion as to whether this is currently exercised in the Great Britain. The essay will be divided into three sections in an effort to make points more simplistic. Those parts are political, statutory, and cultural. Each part will then be broken down into billets for and against the general question.Questions to considerWhat is democracy?Can democracy be defined?What factors make up a pop society?Is the term for the people, by the people true?Does the source past the post schema exploit the wishes of the citizens?How can the idea of democrac y damage a country?Should Britain have a written report?Is in that location a real separation of power in the United Kingdom?Should the government employ laws that prevent religious beliefs in a democracy?Can Britain be described as a democratic society?Detailed Outline divide 1 fundamentIntroduction Democracy is a discourse commonly used to describe the British political system. Words such as freedom, compare and terms such as people rule are often reiterated as the principle elements that make a society democratic. From the very inception of the word the term democracy in ancient Greek times, the basis has remained unkempt and precise over thousands of years majority rule. However, over the past five decades, this genius very clear view of democracy has been blurred or fewwhat misconceived in Britain, leading to a justified war between the people and the aver. proposition Sentence Democracy is a word commonly used to describe the British political system.Thesis statement Although, it may be perceived that the United Kingdom boasts one of the strongest democracies in the world, there are many factors whether legal, political or cultural that are very undemocratic. documentation source(s) Copp, Hampton and Roemer, 1993 Inoguchi, Newman and Keane, 1998Paragraph 2Introduction of political aspect subject convict The political system currently universe exercised in the United Kingdom is one that is often praised and immortalized.Paragraph 3First argument in favour of political aspects The general public is responsible for choosing who represents them. subject sentence The main basis of democracy is defend in Britain citizens partake in free and fair elections which allow them to select those who they want to govern them.Supporting source(s) Wheeler, 2009Paragraph 4Counter-argument against the first argument The public selects the sept of Commons, not the House of Lords who exercise the same amount of power if not more in Britain.Topic sentence A conc erning factor present in the English political arena is the elitist House of Lords and their selection.Supporting source(s) Cole, 2006 Wheeler, 2009Paragraph 5Second argument in favour of political aspects The first past the top system of ballot allows for free and fair voting.Topic sentence One of the many democratic aspects the British claim is the first past the post system.Supporting source(s) Lijphart, 2008Paragraph 6Counter-argument against second argument in favour of politically democratic aspects of British society First past the post system is democratic in theory but not in reality.Topic sentence Even though the first past the post system is seen as representative of the society wishes, there are several discrepancies in this system which would cause an uneven representation of the general public.Supporting source(s) Cole, 2006 Wheeler, 2009Paragraph 7Introduction of the legal aspectTopic sentence Apart the political implications, there are several legal factors that ma ke many question whether these policies are rightfully in place to benefit society.Supporting source(s) To be foundParagraph 8First argument in favour of legal aspects Written constitutionTopic sentence The absence of a written constitution from the English Legal System has always been seen as advantageous to the British society.Supporting source(s) Bogdanor, Khaitan and Vogenauer, 2007Paragraph 9Counter-argument against first argument in favour of legal aspects Unwritten constitutions cast the state to constantly change anything that could affect the well being of the society.Topic sentence Even though oral constitutions are flexible, it places a tremendous amount of power in the state hands.Supporting source(s) Bogdanor, Khaitan and Vogenauer, 2007, Wheeler, 2009Paragraph 10Second argument in favour of the law Separation of powersTopic sentence The separation of power is a very important part of the English Legal system, which is say to be very democratic.Supporting source(s) E pstein, 1994Paragraph 11Counter-argument against the second argument in favour of the law Separation of powers is merely a text adjudge doctrine.Topic sentence As with many other doctrines in the English Legal System, the separation of powers may work in theory but not in reality.Supporting source(s) Epstein, 1994Paragraph 12Introduction of cultural aspectTopic sentence Perhaps, one of the most important aspects of a democratic society is the cultural aspect which embodies religion to freedom of speech.Paragraph 13First argument in favour of cultural aspects Britain embraces all religionsTopic sentence Britain is said to be one of the most multicultural nations in modern font Europe embracing several types of races and religions.Supporting source(s) Lijphart, 2005Paragraph 14Counter argument against first argument in favour of cultural aspects There is no separation of the church from the state.Topic sentence The British society claims to embrace all religions but there is still no separation of the church from the state.Supporting source(s) Cole, 2006Paragraph 15Second argument in favour of culture The state enforces any necessity structures to protect the country.Topic sentence Another necessity to a democratic society is the protection of its citizens.Supporting source(s) Crossman, 2007Paragraph 16Counter-argument against the second argument in favour of culture The right to protect is not the right to violateTopic sentence It is imminent that the lives of those inhabiting a country should be aptly protected by the state but privacy invasion is not in any form or fashion democratic.Supporting source(s) Crossman, 2007Paragraph 17A discussion examining both sides of whether Britain can be considered a democratic nation.Topic sentence There is sufficient evidence to show that there are several issues that signify Britains lack of democratic practices. It is also clear that the views and rights of the general public are often ignored. However, due to societys ignorance or lack of interest concerning this, much cannot be done to alleviate the situation.Supporting source(s) Cole, 2006 Copp, Hampton and Roemer, 1993 Inoguchi, Newman Keane, 1998Paragraph 18 ConclusionRestatement of the thesis statement In conclusion, even though the United Kingdom prides itself as being one of the most democratic nations in the world, the recent actions of the state and the constant infringement of the citizens rights could lead one to question how democratic the British society really is.Summary of main points of the essay policy-making voting system Legal written constitution, separation of powers Cultural religion, privacy.Concluding remarks The United Kingdom may be considered a democracy on paper but in reality several of their policies are undemocratic.Annotated BibliographyBooksReference Cole, M. (2006) Democracy in Britain. Edinburgh University PressColes (2006) fifth chapter in his critically acclaimed academic concord, Democracy in Britain is a imed at the critique of the British democratic system. Cole is aiming for a reading audience of those interested in political sympathies and possibly international relations and uses up-to-date and relevant information to help prove his arguments. In this chapter, Cole focuses on the negative layers of a system which is regularly praised. He uses the downfalls of the British political system such as the voting system, the House of Lords and pluralism to support his arguments. Although the rest of the book focuses on the positive aspects of British democracy, this chapter encompasses a critical overview of the negative side with the use of evidence to support his arguments. This chapter will be of particular use in my third, sixth, quaternteenth and seventeenth paragraphs respectively, to show that the first past the post voting system has failed as a democratic entity, the House of Lords is unjustified and that the doctrine of pluralism may be a part of hypothetic Britain but it is not practiced.Reference Copp, D., Hampton, J. Roemer, J. E. (1993) The Idea of Democracy. New York Cambridge University Press.Copp, Hampton and Roemers (1993) book is aimed at the political science arena and uses relevant information to cover every cranial orbit of democracy ranging from its origin to its future. The authors discuss the stability of democracy and answer a number of fundamental questions that needed urgent assessment in the wake of new-made democratic regimes surfacing in the 21st Century. The book spawns a collection of essays from various prominent contributors in the political, legal and philosophical realms. The authors use several arguments and opinions in an effort to give a balanced critique of democracy. This book and the diverse opinions in it will help in the introduction and conclusion of my essay.Reference Inoguchi, T., Newman, E. Keane, J. (1998). The ever-changing Nature of Democracy. New York United Nations University Press.Inoguchi, Newman and Keanes (1998) introductory member to their book The Changing Nature of Democracy is a credible collection of work edited by the authors. Inoguchi and Keane, both political science professors and Keane, an international relations lecturer, aim their book at political science students. As the name suggests, the book analyzes the changes that democracy has seen in the last 40 years. The book is a collection of essays from renowned political professors who all acknowledged the presence of democracy in every aspect of modern day society. It introduces several definitions of the term democracy then goes onto dissecting into segments ranging from social factors to global forces apply a number of democratic nations from around the world to solidify points. This book is critical and informative and shows that democracy is a changing policy and will continue to change according to society. The authors pay special attention to presenting neutral articles and argue both sides. This book wil l be used in the introduction and discussion segment of the essay.Reference Lijphart, A. (2008) Thinking About Democracy. New York Routledge.Lijpharts (2008) book is a collection of work that is current and sufficient and is particularly aimed at avid political science researchers. Thinking about democracy covers several areas of democracy, tracing the bear on of its development over the last 40 years. The main theme is European democracy but the author uses India and South Africa to purport some of the points rose. The regular dimensions of democracy are explored such as majoritarian election system and reform. Lijphart, an influential political scientist uses analytical and scholarly makeup to argue many fundamental points in his book. This book will be helpful proving that the first post the post system is fair and that the British is actually a pluralist society.JournalsReference Epstein, L. (1994) Changing perceptions of the British system Political Science Quarterly. Volume 109, No. 3 Special Issue 1994, pp. 483-512.Epstein (1994), a scholar in the political sphere, uses his article published in the Political Science Quarterly to present a report on parliamentary democracy in Britain. The ideas in the article are relevant and logical and give a clear indication of it point to the readers. While the article serves as a comparison between the American and British systems, it implicates several points about inherent reform, election methods, separation of powers and the House of Lords. Several of the problems facing the British system are compared to the American system. Epstein uses the British democratic system to devise whether the Americans should follow their policies, highlight benefits and consequences of the British system. Apart from the fact that the article was compiled in 1994, many of the facts are still prevalent in the 21st Century. I will be using this article to support and refute the issue of separation of powers in Britain.Reference Bo gdanor, V., Khaitan, T., Vogenauer, S. (2007). Should Britain have a written constitution? The Political Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 4, October-December 2007Bogdanor, Khaitan and Vogenauers (2007) article is aimed at any one having an interest n political science and offers up-to-date information about the topic being argued. The British have always had an unwritten constitution and the government seemed to be thriving under this regime. However, many wonder if recent changes in society can still allow for societies to exist without systematise rules that govern their nation. The approach of some is to leave the constitution as it is while some believe it is time to show that Britain has these rules. Comparisons to other nations that have written constitution such as the United States of America are made. Even though the authors may appear bias in their aimings, it was a credible and supported article that gave sufficient evidence from both sides. This journal will be used in the leg al segment of my essay to argue for and against the constitutional issue in Britain.WebsitesReference Crossman, G. (2007) Overlooked Surveillance and personal privacy in Modern Britain. Online Available at http//www.liberty-human-rights-org.uk/issues/3-privacy/pdfs/ liberty-privacy-report.pdf Accessed 15 Feb 10Crossmans (2007) report is a credible and informative rear aimed at anyone who in interested in public policies. The author, Gareth Crossman, is an activist who petitions on behalf the Liberty foundation, a website that enables and fights for human rights. The report examines privacy in the United Kingdom and the role the state and the media should play in imposing on the lives of other. Different aspects of privacy are examined in the introductory parts of the essay but Sections three, four and eight are of particular interest to my argument. Findings indicate that the media is more inclined to expose those in the public eye rather than the general public and the state has t he right to put initiatives in place to protect the country. At the same time, it is recommended that both the media and government use their powers without invading on the lives of innocent people and find a wave length that clearly shows it is for protection purposes. The report examines the entire privacy argument and uses analytical writing to argue both for and against the issue. This report will help to argue the points in the cultural aspect of the essay concerning privacy and show that although the government may consider itself justified in its actions, that this must be done while keeping the reasonable man in mind.Reference Wheeler, B. (2009) Time for a Westminster revolution? BBC News. Online Available at http//newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk_politics/8060896.stm?ad=1 Accessed 15 Feb 10Wheeler (2009), a political reporter for BBC News aims this article at the general public particularly those interested in British politics and uses curre nt and reliable information to argue his views. The article covers the democratic system in Britain and whether it may be in need of some reformation in the near future. It highlights a number of changes that are being sought to replace the old system of democracy. There is an analysis of both sides of the argument, cover those that believe strongly in reformation and those who believe reformation will weaken the system rather than strengthen it. The author uses his expertise and argumentative writing to assess both sides of the argument. Although he made his opinion on the matter clear he avoided the use of biased writing and produced a very critical, uniform text. This article will be useful in the political aspect of the question and will help to support and refute some of my arguments about the voting system in the United Kingdom.

Macbeth?s Supernatural Scenes Explained Essay -- essays research paper

Macbeths supernatural scenes explainedIn todays rational and scientifically explainable world, it would be hard for us to remember in supernatural intervention in our every day lives unlike during the times of the Shakespearean plays. In Shakespeares Macbeth, there are tether examples of this engaging of thing one with the witches, one with a ghost of a vanquish friend, and one with the a few apparitions. In the first nonrational scene three old dirty hags (witches) are discussing where they should meet Macbeth to persuade him into thinking he should be the nest king. When Macbeth finally meets the three witches on the heath like they had planed, him and his best friend Banquo are there. The witches kno...

Black Thursday :: essays research papers

The book Hard Times takes you back to the early 20th century. This book also talks about whizz of the hardest times in American history. Hard Times talks about the causes of the great depression. This book gives original testimonies of people who lived during these hard times. Studs Terkel, prize-winning author and radio aerate personality was born Louis Terkel in New York on May 16, 1912. Terkel attended University of Chicago and received a law degree in 1934. He chose non to pursue a career in law. Terkel credits his knowledge of the world to the tenants who gathered in the lobby of the hotel and the people who congregated in nearby Bughouse Square, a impact place for workers, labor organizers, dissidents, the unemployed, and religious fanatics of many persuasions.In the roaring 1920s, the United States bathed in previously unheard of prosperity. Industry and agriculture alike profited from the thriving economy. clean income grew steadily throughout the decade and production soared. Levels of investment grew to new heights. However, the economy began to slow down in 1928, and the trend continued in 1929. Agricultural prices slipped, a result of production surpluses and a downturn in business activity. Despite this and other warning signs, patterns of investment continued much as they had in the mid-20s, plentiful little recognition to the economic slowdown. The stage was set for a major market correction. On October 24, 1929, dubbed Black Thursday, the stock market crashed. Investing froze. As a result, the national economy fell into an unprecedented period of depression. National income slipped lower each year from 1929 to 1932, and did not return to pre-depression levels until World War II. Unemployment became arguably the firstly problem of the depression. Hard Times talks such a major part of American History and was reviewed by many. Stud Terkel did such an excellent agate line when describing the depression and his accounts were so accurate acc ording to the New Times, which states In Hard Times, Studs Terkel captures the Depression in all its vast complexity, assembling a mosaic of memories as told by those who faced destitution as well as those who stayed rich. The Saturday Review says, It vividly illustrates the Depressions effect on those who lived through it, and shows how bitter memories can vary into a surprising nostalgia. The book ultimately serves as "a huge anthem in praise of the American spirit".